Marcus Aurelius, also known as Marullus, was Roman governor from 161 to 180 and also a Stoic thinker. He was probably the last of the Roman kings, referred to as the Five Good Emperor, and consequently the longest reigning emperor of the Pax Romana era, a period of relative peace and harmony for the Roman Empire. In 140 he became the first Roman emperor to visit Athens. He died in 180 and was succeeded by his son Commius, who was proclaimed king by his father, Marcus. Commius was not only the last Roman emperor, but also the grandfather of the current Emperor Caesar.
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Marcus Aurelius’ most famous work, the Meditations, is a set of ten books written to help pass the time between his death and the commencement of a second empire. Unlike the majority of Stoicism, which is regarded as a religion, Marcus Aurelius’ philosophy emphasises the intellectual virtues, rather than a belief in a deity. His philosophy talks about how men are mortal, and then concludes that they can live a life of philosophy. It discusses how virtue can be learned and used to overcome weakness, which in turn enables one to achieve great things.
His concept of dialectic is considered by some to be the basis of all philosophy, because it can be used to deduce the truth. His concept of logos is described as a system of thought, a syllogistic construction which makes use of symbols or images to express ideas. The concepts of Logic, Economy, Rhetoric, and Metaphors are present in his philosophy. In fact, most of his books are purely a compilation of concepts drawn from his many philosophical works.
Marcus Aurelius did not live to see his invention of Aethyryl, the first real court martial arts weapon. However, he left behind a number of his works, including Meditations and his Laws. He wrote over 80 books, many of which are now lost. In fact, only fragments of his work have survived, most notably the Meditations. However, his Dialogues continue to be studied today.
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As well as writing extensively on medicine, Zen, and philosophy, Marcus Aurelius also played an important role in popular culture. He wrote a number of plays and poems, as well as some histories and dialogues. He is also credited with developing Roman opera as we know it today. Paradoxically, it was not in his acting that he achieved success, but rather in his philosophical works. One of his most famous works, the Medea, was written in response to an old Persian story about Persian kings being swallowed by their horses.
Marcus Aurelius was born in Rome, but grew up in the eastern parts of Italy. He was actually a native of Rome, as were his parents, who were also philosophers. He was always intrigued by how ideas were presented in a philosophical debate, which is apparent in the Meditations in which he is described as a lover of dialectic argument.
Like many philosophers before him, he held to the traditional views of Rome regarding religion. He rejected claims that deities had been created by men and applied the Stoic belief in the immateriality of things to his own life. He also rejected the notion that fate determined the course of one’s life, instead viewing it as an unbreakable circle. Although he was never comfortable with extreme philosophies, he was at least moderate in his views.
Marcus Aurelius had no formal education, although he was thought to have received a rudimentary education in his youth. As a student, he may have attended a school, but it is more likely that he continued to study under older students who were already part of his circle of friends. Some say that he may have begun to write down his thoughts while he was still a student, using a writing pad or a private tutor. When he began to write extensively in the third century, his style is similar to that of his contemporary Seneca, whom he greatly admired. His work is characterized by smooth, terse sentences that are frequently laced with strong imagery. He is primarily known for his five books on war, which is also his shortest works ever written.
